New Technology

Technology

is any device that has the ability to make a physical change in space, through heat or light, and by manipulating matter. The term was founded as far back as 1871 in England, where it was first used for electric telegraphy. The earliest examples of modern computing were mechanical computing machines developed around 1895-1905 by Charles Babbage (1891-1954) at MIT (known later as Cambridge University). These machines were designed to aid scientists with calculations on problems such as differential equations. Other early computers include those developed by George Boole (1862-1940), Alan Turing (1878-1956), and Herman Hollerith (1859) of Harvard University. The modern computer is based on both digital components (computers with memory and circuits) and mechanical logic devices, often known as relays (see electronic circuit). Today, computers are used in almost every industry and use from individual homes and businesses to entire cities and countries, from large factories to governments. There are many different types of computers: personal computers, workstations, mainframe computers, microprocessors, desktop PCs, laptops and servers (see Personal Computer).

 Many people consider computers to be "tools", but they are not always "tools". For example, in some applications, we have specialized software packages, called operating systems or operating environments, which specify how a certain application will run, and what functions it should perform. But most often, a system's tasks are performed by its users. Examples of these include web browsers (such as Google Chrome), email clients (such as Gmail), and word processors like Microsoft Office Word, Outlook, etc. Thus, computers are tools, and their tasks must be performed. An operating system represents a particular set of instructions and data for how an application should interact with its hardware. Operating systems may also contain libraries of other programs to support specific requirements, such as virtualization.

History 

Some technologies were invented relatively recently, while others have been gaining momentum throughout history, such as electricity and fire. Electricity was discovered in Europe and China around 1800 and was used with steam engines, then the main source of power for mechanical industries. In 1879 Albert Ohanian built a simple motor using alternating current that resulted in the production of alternating currents, which can be amplified or converted into high voltage. Then, in 1881 Henry Bessemer created a vacuum tube (also known to us simply as a transistor) by placing silicon wafers between two glass doors. Another important invention was the discovery of radio waves in 1906 by Heinrich Hertz. He improved upon this discovery and made significant progress in research areas such as quantum physics, magnetism, electrodynamics, microwave communications and astronomy.

In 1914 the telephone introduced a revolutionary concept, allowing people to talk over long distances without wires, and one year after, John Glenn took flight in a powered aircraft through outer space. Although there were numerous technological advancements, including wireless communication, television, radio, motion pictures, optical computers/photomicrographs, radar, jet propulsion, atomic explosion weapons, and the Internet, the World Wars forced engineers to think about how to speed up military progress, resulting in major strides in engineering and scientific technology.

A number of key milestones of science and technology were realized in World War II, which included the development of rocketry, radio, missile guidance, airplane design, nuclear technology, electronics and communications. Since the end of WWII, most advances in human development have been the result of technological innovation. For instance, when GPS satellite positioning systems became available in 1979, the automotive industry quickly incorporated GPS into automobiles. As technology continues to advance, so does our understanding of ourselves, of our planet and of our place in the universe. Information gathered now helps guide society towards a better future. Even though technologies continue to evolve and get faster, it becomes clear that new, efficient ways to use them are still needed. Because the pace of global advancement has outpaced humanity's capacity to keep up with it today, we all need to take steps to prevent our technology development from being surpassed.

Technology

Electrifying vehicles; Electric cars

The automobile industry underwent tremendous changes throughout history. The rise of private corporations and industrial manufacturing led to the decline of mass consumption. Eventually, mass production methods began to produce consumer goods. However, even before the advent of mass production, transportation was an essential part of everyday life, particularly for workers, laborers, and factory workers in developing countries. Before the Industrial Revolution, only wealthy Europeans could afford traveling. During the French and American Revolutions, transportation became critical in fighting fascism. After WWII, the government's interest shifted toward civilian uses, and a desire arose among consumers to travel further, to enjoy more comfortable experiences and to save more money. This demand led manufacturers to manufacture vehicles that would allow greater ease of movement. New designs emerged – a vehicle with small fuel consumption, inexpensive maintenance, easy-to-use controls, and comfort at affordable price points. By mid-20th century mass production in the United States allowed the creation of a car that could be driven easily, cheap, and environmentally friendly. In 1947, Ford Motor Company was established by Henry Ford, who conceived the Model T, which revolutionized the automotive industry. It became the fastest, most powerful vehicle in the world and transformed America. The Model T, released in 1908, sold 26,000 units within 30 days of having entered U.S. retailers. Production of the Model T continued until 1941 (when World War II ended). Ford continued to sell his model in Asia, creating a total of 42 million Model Ts sold. Over time, Ford's success became apparent to executives working in all sectors of industry, and soon he established himself as a leader of the auto industry. In 1956, General Motors Corporation purchased Ford Motor Company, creating General Motors Corporation. From here on, GM has become a huge glob

al automaker, producing everything from trucks and sport utility vehicles to minivans and vans.

Electric cars

The first electric cars came into widespread operation in the 1880s, although only 1 million were ever produced. They were powered entirely by wind power or hydroelectricity in remote locations in rural parts of Eastern Africa. As the need for electricity increased, oil and coal-fired power plants were developed along rivers, lakes, streams, and fields. Electric cars became possible due to their low cost of energy, and because electricity was generated locally, it prevented pollution as well as environmental concerns. Due to limited power and infrastructure difficulties, electric cars had a very short range of only 3 to 7 miles. When gasoline prices rose in the late 1890s electric cars became popular, providing a practical alternative to horse and buggy riding. Electric cars have remained popular for nearly 100 years, and the market has developed since. With the improvement of battery power, fuel-electric hybrids, plug-in hybrid and fully electric cars are becoming more desirable. The average range of fuel-electric cars is 4 miles or less. Fuel-electric models are generally equipped with backup batteries (called the Level 2 charger) that provide sufficient power for short journeys. Their ranges vary widely depending on factors such as terrain, climate, use of charging stations, electrical component quality, battery pack type, and driving conditions. Despite this, electric vehicles remain increasingly popular and widely accepted, and sales have grown exponentially over recent decades.

Electric buses

Electric bus manufacturer

The introduction of gasoline-powered internal combustion engine in 1920s led to the introduction of diesel powered buses. Gasoline-powered vehicles were widely criticized in terms of noise levels, vibration, and lack of control and refinement capabilities. While these were the most dangerous form of transportation, some critics claimed that public transit systems are inefficient and do not represent a true public good. As the electrification of transportation started to spread across Europe and North America, various companies started producing electric buses, mainly aimed at the US market. First electric buses were delivered in 1907 by Thomas Edison Company. Several companies entered the business of introducing public transport services using electric batteries and internal combustion engines. Some of the earlier manufacturers of EVs have been successful and well-known. Tesla Inc. is an American tech company whose products include an array of vehicles that are considered futuristic technology. Mercedes Benz was found in 2009 to sell 8% of annual sales (1 billion USD, 8 million USD) of all Mercedes cars worldwide. BMW owns the luxury brand MINI and produces electric vehicles. Nissan and Mitsubishi Motors are the largest automakers in Japan. Electrification of commercial vehicles is another area that has shown considerable growth in recent years. The European Union aims to increase the overall share of sustainable mobility, to achieve a 50% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2015 by making public transport accessible to everyone, at lower cost than fossil fuels. Cities such as London and Paris are implementing projects aiming at increasing the use of electric buses, e-bikes, and bike lanes. At least 25% of Londoners are believed to ride bikes to work, according to figures obtained by Eurelectric.

Personal computers

The original IBM PC was designed to serve the needs of corporate users and university staff. Though computers were still much more expensive in 1983, IBM continued designing user-friendly personal computers which replaced the traditional typewriter keyboards. One of the most notable inventions was the Apple Macintosh, released in 1985 and subsequently followed by many similar products. All Macintosh computers from that date use Intel's 64 bit architecture, allowing the system to handle additional applications. Most Macs also have standard interfaces for keyboard and mouse control. The first generation Mac computers were sold for $750.